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Targeting ‘hidden pocket’ for treatment of stroke and seizure

image of NMDA receptor binding with chemical compound
A 93-series chemical compound binds to a neuron’s NMDA receptor. Compounds like this have a high affinity for the receptor due to a unique motif that is drawn into a hidden pocket (illustrated by the dotted line) when in an acidic environment.
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Cold Spring Harbor, NY — The ideal drug is one that only affects the exact cells and neurons it is designed to treat, without unwanted side effects. This concept is especially important when treating the delicate and complex human brain. Now, scientists at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory have revealed a mechanism that could lead to this kind of long-sought specificity for treatments of strokes and seizures.

According to Professor Hiro Furukawa, the senior scientist who oversaw this work, “it really comes down to chemistry.”

When the human brain is injured, such as during a stroke, parts of the brain begin to acidify. This acidification leads to the rampant release of glutamate.

“We suddenly get more glutamate all over the place that hits the NMDA receptor and that causes the NMDA receptor to start firing quite a lot,” explains Furukawa.

In a healthy brain, the NMDA (N-methyl, D-aspartate) receptor is responsible for controlling the flow of electrically charged atoms, or ions, in and out of a neuron. The “firing” of these signals is crucial for learning and memory formation. However, overactive neurons can lead to disastrous consequences. Abnormal NMDA receptor activities have been observed in various neurological diseases and disorders, such as stroke, seizure, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease, and in individuals born with genetic mutations.

Furukawa’s team, in collaboration with scientists at Emory University, looked for a way to prevent over-firing NMDA receptors without affecting normal regions of the brain.

Previous work had identified promising compounds, called the 93-series, suited to this purpose. Eager to join with the NMDA receptor in an acidic environment, these compounds downregulate the receptor activity, even in the presence of glutamate, thereby preventing excessive neuronal firing.

However, the 93-series compounds sometimes cause the unwanted consequence of inhibiting the NMDA receptors in healthy parts of the brain. That’s why Furukawa and his colleagues set out to determine how they could improve upon the unique features of the 93-series.

Their latest results are detailed in Nature Communications.

Hiro NMDA receptor
Using a labor-intensive but high-resolution technique called X-ray crystallography, the researchers looked closely at the portion of the NMDA receptor to which the 93-series compound binds. They recorded data on the effect of acidity on the chemical behavior of this region.

Using a method known as X-ray crystallography, the researchers were able to see that a motif on the 93-series compound slots into a tiny, never-before-noticed pocket within the NMDA receptor. Experimentation showed that this pocket is particularly sensitive to the pH around it.

“Now that we see the pH-sensitive pocket within NMDA receptors, we can suggest a different scaffold,” Furukawa explained. “We can redesign the 93-series chemical compound—let’s call it 94-series—in such a way that it can more effectively fit that pocket and a higher pH sensitivity can be obtained. So, we’re basically just starting our effort to do that.”

Written by: Brian Stallard, Content Developer/Communicator | publicaffairs@cshl.edu | 516-367-8455


Funding

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This research was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health and by Austin’s Purpose.

Citation

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Regan, M. et al. “Structural elements of a pH-sensitive inhibitor binding site in NMDA receptors” was published in Nature Communications on January 18, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08291-1

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About Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Founded in 1890, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory has shaped contemporary biomedical research and education with programs in cancer, neuroscience, plant biology and quantitative biology. Home to eight Nobel Prize winners, the private, not-for-profit Laboratory employs 1,000 people including 600 scientists, students and technicians. The Meetings & Courses Program annually hosts more than 12,000 scientists. The Laboratory’s education arm also includes an academic publishing house, a graduate school and the DNA Learning Center with programs for middle, high school, and undergraduate students and teachers. For more information, visit www.cshl.edu

About

Hiro Furukawa

Hiro Furukawa

Professor
Ph.D., The University of Tokyo, 2001

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