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so<00:00:00.280> in<00:00:00.480> this<00:00:00.760> case<00:00:01.680> an<00:00:01.839> interim<00:00:02.360> point<00:00:02.720> which<00:00:02.840> is

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so in this case an interim point which is
 
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so in this case an interim point which is
about<00:00:03.679> a<00:00:03.879> year<00:00:04.279> before<00:00:04.920> the<00:00:05.560> the<00:00:05.799> entirety<00:00:06.279> of

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about a year before the the entirety of
 
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about a year before the the entirety of
the<00:00:06.600> trial<00:00:07.200> was<00:00:07.559> complete<00:00:08.559> um<00:00:08.840> the<00:00:09.519> um<00:00:10.160> the

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the trial was complete um the um the
 
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the trial was complete um the um the
data<00:00:10.719> were<00:00:11.080> were<00:00:11.360> looked<00:00:11.639> at<00:00:11.840> by

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data were were looked at by
 
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data were were looked at by
statisticians<00:00:13.519> unblinded<00:00:14.519> and<00:00:14.719> they<00:00:14.879> could

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statisticians unblinded and they could
 
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statisticians unblinded and they could
see<00:00:15.519> that<00:00:15.719> there<00:00:15.879> was<00:00:16.119> a<00:00:16.840> a<00:00:17.039> significant

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see that there was a a significant
 
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see that there was a a significant
difference<00:00:18.160> between<00:00:18.960> the<00:00:19.279> the<00:00:19.400> control<00:00:19.880> group

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difference between the the control group
 
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difference between the the control group
and<00:00:20.439> the<00:00:20.600> treated<00:00:21.119> group<00:00:21.760> and<00:00:21.920> therefore<00:00:22.199> it

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and the treated group and therefore it
 
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and the treated group and therefore it
would<00:00:22.439> be<00:00:22.560> unethical<00:00:23.160> to<00:00:23.400> continue<00:00:23.760> to<00:00:24.000> have<00:00:24.160> a

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would be unethical to continue to have a
 
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would be unethical to continue to have a
third<00:00:24.640> of<00:00:24.800> the<00:00:25.039> patients<00:00:26.000> receiving<00:00:26.320> just<00:00:26.439> a

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third of the patients receiving just a
 
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third of the patients receiving just a
sham<00:00:27.199> injection<00:00:28.199> therefore<00:00:28.519> the<00:00:28.679> trials

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sham injection therefore the trials

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sham injection therefore the trials
discontinued<00:00:29.800> now<00:00:30.080> everybody<00:00:30.519> goes<00:00:30.759> on<00:00:30.920> the

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discontinued now everybody goes on the
 
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discontinued now everybody goes on the
drug<00:00:31.400> because<00:00:31.599> there<00:00:31.720> was<00:00:31.920> already

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drug because there was already
 
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drug because there was already
significant<00:00:33.640> uh<00:00:34.079> data<00:00:34.440> that<00:00:34.559> was<00:00:34.760> good<00:00:34.960> enough

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significant uh data that was good enough
 
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significant uh data that was good enough
to<00:00:35.760> to<00:00:36.280> uh<00:00:36.600> hopefully<00:00:37.040> convince<00:00:37.440> the<00:00:37.559> FDA